• Current events of national and international importance.

• Important editorials of - The Hindu, Indian express, The mint, and Business standard, etc.
• Government websites - Different Ministries website / NITI Aayog website/ PIB/PRS legislative research/Year-end reviews of various ministries/India year book (IYB)/Economic survey (Important chapters)/Union budget.
• Different magazines like Down to Earth/Yojana/Kurukshetra/EPW/ Frontline/Science reporter etc.
• ALLEN ACE  current affairs booklets

• History of India and Indian National Movement.

• Indian Art and Culture
• An Introduction to Indian Art – Class XI NCERT
• Indian Art and Culture by Nitin Singhania
• Centre for Cultural Resource and Training (CCRT) material
• Heritage Crafts: Living Craft Traditions of India -NCERT
• Ancient History of India
• Old NCERT by RS Sharma
• Medieval History of India
• Old NCERT by Satish Chandra (Selective Reading)
• Modern History
• A Brief History of Modern India- Spectrum Publications
• India’s Struggle for Independence – Bipan Chandra (Selective Reading)
• NCERT by Bipan Chandra (For the period 1700s to 1857)along with some selective reading of new NCERT
• ALLEN ACE booklets

• Indian and World Geography-Physical, Social, and Economic Geography of India and the World.

• Fundamentals of Physical Geography NCERT XI
• India: Physical Environment NCERT XI
• Fundamentals of Human Geography  NCERT XII
• India: People and Economy NCERT XII
• Certificate Physical and Human Geography: GC Leong
• World Atlas (Orient Black Swan)
• ALLEN ACE booklets

• Indian Polity and Governance – Constitution, Political System, Panchayati Raj, Public Policy, Rights Issues, etc.

• NCERT Class IX-XII
• Indian Polity by M Laxmikanth
• Introduction to the Constitution of India by DD Basu
• Important editorials from The Hindu,Indian express etc.
• ALLEN ACE booklets

• Economic and Social Development – Sustainable Development, Poverty, Inclusion, Demographics, Social Sector initiatives, etc.

• Macroeconomics – NCERT Class XII
• Indian Economic Development – NCERT Class XI
• Indian Economy – Nitin Singhania
• Indian Economy -Ramesh Singh
• Economic Survey and Union budget (Selective reading from Prelims perspective)
• The Hindu, Economic times, Indian express,Livemint etc.
• Internet for better understanding of the concepts (Arthapedia, RBI,Ministry of finance website etc.)
• ALLEN ACE booklets

• General issues on Environmental Ecology, Biodiversity, and Climate Change – that do not require subject specialization

• NCERT class XIIth biology (Chapter 13 to 16)
• The Hindu, Indian express (Read about latest environmental terms, important summits, changes pertaining to various environmental legislations, national parks, and wildlife sanctuaries)
• Good magazines like Down to earth, etc.
• ALLEN ACE booklets

• General Science

• NCERT class VIth to XIIth
• The Hindu, Indian express (Read about the latest scientific terms, discoveries, and inventions which are frequently  in news)
• Latest development through website of ISRO, DRDO,Ministry of Science and technology etc.
• ALLEN ACE booklets

• Current events of national and international importance.

• Keep in mind while studying current affairs that it’s paper of general studies, not a paper that demands specialization.
• Hence, Candidates must be extremely aware and curious in order to continue learning and developing their capacity to assimilate enormous amounts of information.
• Just memorizing the facts/news will not suffice, the candidate should put more concentration on analyzing the news. For example, UPSC would not be just interested in asking questions that who launched the James Webb telescope but how it is different from the earlier missions.
• Try to connect news from your static syllabus and make multiple linkages with various topics.
• As far as newspapers and magazines are concerned use a limited number of them that have a well-proven track record. For example, The Hindu, which offers a great analysis of every subject that a potential civil service applicant must be aware of, is one newspaper that many successful candidates have so far opted to read.
• For the verification of the current affairs/ facts/news try to refer to authentic government websites/PIB etc.

• History of India and Indian National Movement.

• To establish a strong theoretical basis in History, start with the NCERTs.
• Examine the papers from the previous year to learn about the main subjects, the level of difficulty of the questions, etc.
• The best place to start for arts and culture is with Nitin Singhania's book and the NCERT class 11th.
• It would be better to concentrate on factual information/medieval Indian history/art and culture because recent years have seen an increase in this section of the history subject.
• Not to mention, avoid speculating in the history area. It's advantageous if you can remove options. Otherwise, it might be best to ignore the question.
• Last but not least, In the present scenario of the paper candidate should also be aware of current affairs events.

• Indian and World Geography-Physical, Social, and Economic Geography of India and the World.

• World Geography and Indian Geography are the two sections of the UPSC Prelims Geography Syllabus.
• After going through NCERT booklets, analyze the previous years’ question papers, By answering the questions, you may have a better understanding of the question papers and gauge your progress at each stage.
• Priortisation of topics in geography will help you to target better scores in this section. For example, A solid grasp of physical geography shortens the learning curve for topics in Indian geography and enables you to compare and contrast Indian and global geographies.

In the present scenario importance of maps cannot be ignored. Hence, detailed knowledge of maps' locations, significant cities, physical characteristics, river systems, passes, and peaks could and should be learned from maps of India and the rest of the world.

• Most of the static topics covered in this course have dynamic connections to current events and national and international issues. In such situations, reading current affairs is essential.

• Indian Polity and Governance – Constitution, Political System, Panchayati Raj, Public Policy, Rights Issues, etc.

• The simplicity of NCERT textbooks makes them an interesting read and gives a good insight for beginners. After that one refer to India Polity by M. Laxmikanth, which alone can aid a candidate to score higher marks in this section.
• Since the syllabus is factual and brief, polity is one of the subjects that is easiest to score well in.
• In the UPSC prelims' Polity section, one can anticipate a lot of straightforward questions and, with careful preparation, obtain the majority of the answers correctly.
• There will probably be a lot of questions in this section. The majority of the questions have been determined to be direct throughout time, and their level of difficulty ranges from easy to moderate.
• It is essential for a candidate to stay current with local events because doing so fosters awareness of one's rights, obligations, and responsibilities and enables one to make an informed decision.
• In the current trends questions from the political theories are also asked,for that one can go for the selective reading of class XIth NCERT Political theory book.
• It is not necessary for candidates to memorize every article of the Indian Constitution. There are only a few key articles that are required. If one is familiar with the fundamentals and has reviewed the topic a sufficient number of times, the majority of pertinent articles will automatically get registered.
• The simplicity of NCERT textbooks makes them an interesting read and gives a good insight for beginners. After that one refer to India Polity by M. Laxmikanth, which alone can aid a candidate to score higher marks in this section.
• Most of the static topics covered in this course have dynamic connections to current events and national and international issues. In such situations, reading current affairs is essential.

• Economic and Social Development – Sustainable Development, Poverty, Inclusion, Demographics, Social Sector initiatives, etc.

• First thing first, one should go thorough NCERT first then can refer to standard books like Nitin Singhnia etc. for a better understanding of the concepts.

• General issues on Environmental Ecology, Biodiversity, and Climate Change – that do not require subject specialization

• Go through the NCERT class 12th biology (selective chapters)  and try to learn it so as to map the topics in your mind. By doing so, you will be able to filter out irrelevant study material and keep your preparation focused.
• This section can be your make-or-break section in the GS prelims exam. As every year 15-20 questions are featured in the examination. Hence due diligence should be given to this section.
• Repetitive aspects of the questions like International initiatives, national initiatives, environmental theory, national parks, wildlife sanctuaries  reserves, species, chemicals, and pollutants cannot be ignored.
• The news frequently refers to concepts like climate change, ecosystem, sustainable development, natural disaster, etc. Should be given special focus.
• Interlinking the Environment topics with core concepts of other subjects like geography, biology, botany, zoology, and also the economy should be kept in mind while studying.
• Since many government programs are geared at protecting natural resources and the environment, maintaining flora and fauna, minimizing pollution, etc., the environment can also intersect with policy and governance.
• Most of the static topics covered in this course have dynamic connections to current events and national and international issues. In such situations, reading current affairs is essential.

• General Science

• Firstly, go through all the basics by covering all the relevant NCERT books and revise them thoroughly.
• You don't need a doctorate in science; the goal is to cover as much ground as you can.
• Remain updated on the newest scientific advancements occurring in India and around the world.
• Learn about the year's Nobel Prize winners and the fields they worked in.
• Consider the fundamental science at play whenever there is a scientific event in India.
• Look it up online if any NCERT idea perplexes you or you don't comprehend it well enough.
• Follow ISRO, DRDO, and Ministry of Science & Technology websites and news.
• Refer to newspapers like The Hindu and its special science edition on Thursdays.
• Refer to magazines like Science Reporter.

1. CSAT Manual By Tata Mcgraw Hill Publication.
2. Cracking the Civil Services Aptitude Test Paper-II by Arihant.
3. ALLEN ACE CSAT Module.

1. Analytical Reasoning by M K Pandey.
2. ALLEN ACE CSAT Module.

1. Pearson CSAT manual
2. CSAT Conceptual Approach (Paper – 2) by P. N. Roy Chowdhury.
3. CSAT (Paper-II) by Cl India.
4. UPSC Portal: CSAT Comprehensive Manual.

• NCERT Class 11th An introduction to Indian art Part-1
• NCERT Class 12th -Themes in Indian History
• NCERT Ancient history -R.S. Sharma
• Indian Art and culture by Nitin Singhania
• Ancient and medieval India by Poonam Dalal Dahiya
• ALLEN ACE Booklets

• CCRT - Centre for Cultural Resources and Training

• The Wonder that was India by A.L. Basham
• Facets of Indian Culture (Spectrum publication)
• ALLEN ACE Booklets

• Significant events, issues, personalities during the middle of the eighteenth century (1750s) until the present.
• Different stages and important contributors and contributions from various parts of the country in ‘The Freedom Struggle’.

• A brief history of modern India -Rajiv Ahir (Spectrum publication)
• India’s struggle for Independence -Bipin Chandra
• From Plassey to Partition And After by Sekhar Bandyopadhyay
• ALLEN ACE Booklets

• India Since independence -Bipin Chandra
• ALLEN ACE Booklets

• Mastering world history -Norman lowe
• History of the world -Arjun dev
• NCERT Class XI – Themes In World History
• ALLEN ACE Booklets

• Indian society and diversity – Salient aspects.
• Role of women and women’s organisations, population and associated issues, poverty and developmental issues, urbanisation, their problems and remedies.
• Social empowerment, communalism, regionalism & secularism.
• Effects of globalisation on Indian society.

• NCERT Class XI – Introducing Sociology
• NCERT Class XI – Understanding Society
• NCERT Class XII – Indian Society
• NCERT Class XII – Social Change & Development in India
• Social Problems in India by Ram Ahuja
• IGNOU Material on Indian Democracy and Development
• The Hindu newspaper, Indian Express – Relevant Editorials
• Good Magazines like EPW
• ALLEN ACE Booklets

• Distribution of key natural resources across the world including South Asia and the Indian sub-continent; factors responsible for the location of primary, econdary, and tertiary sector industries in various parts of the world including India.
• Important Geophysical phenomena such as earthquakes, Tsunami, Volcanic activity, cyclone etc.
• Geographical features and their location, changes in critical geographical features (including water-bodies and polar ice caps) and, in flora and fauna and the effects of such changes.
• Salient features of world’s physical geography.

• NCERTs (New Editions)
  Class XI: (1) India - Physical Environment (2) Fundamentals of Physical Geography
  Class XII: (1) India - People & Economy (2) Fundamentals of Human Geography
• Certificate Physical & Human Geography (Oxford) by Goh Cheng Leong
• Indian Geography by D. R. Khullar
• School Atlas - Orient Black Swan
• The Hindu newspaper, Indian Express – Relevant Editorials
• Online resources
  National geography videos
  Selective videos from the website of MoEFCC and MoES
• Good Magazine like Geography and you Magazine
• ALLEN ACE Booklets

• For art and culture section it will always be better to introduce your answer by giving passing reference of Contemporary events like national emblem unveiled atop new parliament, Dholavira declared as world heritage site.
• In this section try to make different diagrams to make answer more visible to examiner.
• Historical timeline of the events, contemporary dynasty’s name, present connection of that event etc. have important role to play in it.
• In conclusion part present day event’s connection of the question should be written.

• As this section is the most thoroughly read section of the history, it is also a scoring section.
• Questions in this section are mostly analytical in nature now in these days hence require a deep understanding of the question.
• Addressing the core demand of the questions. Decoding the several parts of the question and answering every part of it as per due weightage.
• Answering in points/ paragraph formats with Subheadings/flow charts/ diagrams/ Schematics/ Maps/ tabular formats etc for saving time and quick readability.
• Some key terminologies/points/ phrases like Nehru report, Various Indian council acts, Voices of various sections like peasants, women, students, Capitalistic class should get include in your answer.

• UPSC can ask factual as well as analytical question from this section.
• In this section mostly analytical questions are asked.
• For factual Part try to define the key term as well as provide a detailed background of it.
• Similarly, for analytical question try to connect it from future and present scenario of the country.

• As per the trend UPSC does not ask many questions from this section.
• Try to accommodate timeline of the events, its period of occurrence, multi-dimensional points like their impact on societal, political, and economic structure so that holistic answers can be written.
• Try to make a list of frequently repeated topics like American revolution, French revolution, impacts of world wars, decolonisation process etc.

• In introduction part try to give standard definition with the name of sociologist.
• Try to include various keywords/phrases/terminology related to sociology like Sanskritization, Secularisation, Stratification etc.
• Quote various sociologists name, authors like Ram Ahuja, editors from the Indian express, The Hindu etc. extensively as questions are analytical in nature which requires contemporary discussion in your answer.
• In conclusion try to accommodate futuristic solution to the social issues.

• In this section try to explain various keywords present in the question.
• Try to make crisp and visible diagram (World, India or region specific etc.) in your answer so that better understanding can be reflected to the examiner.
• As questions asked here are related to environment, disaster management, climate change etc. Hence try to use various committees/framework name like Sendai protocols, report names like IPCC etc.
• Highly repeated topics like natural resources, important geographical events like tropical cyclones, temperate cyclones, ocean current phenomena, heat waves etc. should be given much more focus while preparing for the exam.
• Important resources like NCERT class 11th , Key editorial of The Hindu, Indian Express, books like G.C. Leong should be given much more focus.

• Indian Constitution—Historical Underpinnings, Evolution, Features, Amendments, Significant Provisions, and Basic Structure.
• Functions and Responsibilities of the Union and the States, Issues and Challenges Pertaining to the Federal Structure, Devolution of Powers, and Finances up to Local Levels and Challenges Therein.
• Separation of Powers between various organs Dispute Redressal Mechanisms and Institutions.
• Comparison of the Indian Constitutional Scheme with that of Other Countries.
• Parliament and State Legislatures—Structure, Functioning, Conduct of Business, Powers & Privileges, and Issues Arising out of these.
• Structure, Organization, and Functioning of the Executive and the Judiciary—Ministries and Departments of the Government; Pressure Groups and Formal/Informal Associations and their Role in the Polity.
• Salient Features of the Representation of People’s Act.
• Appointment to various Constitutional Posts, Powers, Functions, and Responsibilities of various Constitutional Bodies.
• Statutory, Regulatory, and various Quasi-judicial Bodies

• Government Policies and Interventions for Development in various sectors and issues arising out of their Design and Implementation.
• Development Processes and the Development Industry — the Role of NGOs, SHGs, various groups and associations, donors, charities, institutional and other stakeholders.
• Important Aspects of Governance, Transparency, and Accountability, E-governance- applications, models, successes, limitations, and potential; Citizens Charters, Transparency & Accountability and institutional and other measures.
• Role of Civil Services in a Democracy.

• Welfare Schemes for Vulnerable Sections of the Population by the Centre and States and the Performance of these Schemes; Mechanisms, Laws, Institutions, and Bodies constituted for the Protection and Betterment of these Vulnerable Sections.
• Issues Relating to Development and Management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health, Education, Human Resources.
• Issues relating to Poverty and Hunger.

• India and its Neighborhood- Relations.
• Bilateral, Regional, and Global Groupings and Agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests.
• Effect of Policies and Politics of Developed and Developing Countries on India’s interests, Indian Diaspora.
• Important International institutions, agencies, and fora - their Structure, Mandate.

1. Historical underpinnings, evolution; Features, amendments, significant provisions & basic structure.
2. Comparison of Indian constitutional scheme with that of other countries.

1. Union and State Legislatures (structure, functioning, conduct of business, powers & privileges; issues therein)
2. Salient features of the Representation of

1. Separation of Powers (between different organs, dispute redressal mechanisms, institutions)
2. Judiciary (structure, organization functioning)

• NCERT (Must Read)-
  • Class X- Democratic politics.
  • Class XI-Indian Constitution at Work.
  • Class XII- Political Science II.
• Standard Books-
  • Indian Polity by M Laxmikant.
  • Introduction to the Constitution of India by D.D. Basu.
• Advanced Learnings -
  • Our Parliament by Subhash Kashyap.
  • Rethinking Public Institutions in India by P.B.Mehta.
• ALLEN ACE Booklets.

1. Government Sources- ARC Reports (must), Economic Survey, India Year Book and Ministry Websites.
2. Important government Reports/Documents from NITI Ayog/ DARPG website etc.
3. Select issues of Yojana and Kurukshetra magazines.
4. Select Articles from EPW and PRS Legislative Research.
5. Select Articles from The Hindu, The Indian Express and PIB.
6. Follow up major government initiatives/ Policies etc for Administrative reforms.
7. ALLEN ACE Booklets.

1. Several Second ARC reports.
2. Government Websites (Ministries and NITI Ayog).
3. Select issues of Yojana and Kurukshetra magazines.
4. Select Articles from EPW and PRS Legislative Research.
5. Select Articles from The Hindu, The Indian Express and PIB.
6. AlLLEN ACE Booklets.

1. Book- Challenges and Strategies- Rethinking India’s Foreign Policy- by Rajiv Sikri.
2. Websites- MEA for coverage of Static Syllabus.
3. Websites- Multilateral Institutions like UN/WTO/ UNFCCC/ etc and IDSA website for coverage of Contemporary issues.
4. Select Articles from The Hindu and The Indian Express.
5. ALLEN ACE Booklets.

• Give reference to Constitutional Provisions like Articles, Schedules, important judgements and Amendments etc. Provide Standard Definitions, Contextual information and Current affairs based information etc suiting demands of question.
• Addressing the core demand of the questions. Decoding the several parts of the question and answering every part of it as per due weightage.
• Value addition through expert suggestions (NCRWC, Sarkaria Commision, Punchhi Commision, ARC reports, Law Commission reports especially on electoral reforms) etc for substantiation.
• Answering in points/ paragraph formats with Subheadings/flow charts/ diagrams/ Schematics/ Maps/ tabular formats etc for saving time and for quick readability.
• Answers could be concluded by giving reference to committee suggestions/ ARC reports/ international reports /summarization of points etc.
• This part is important for both prelims and Mains point of view.

• Master the important terminologies and keywords of governance from developmental institutions websites like - IIPA/NITI Ayog/World Bank/ UNDP/ ADB etc.
• Include suggestions from second ARC ( Chapters on RTI, Human Capital, Local Governance, e-governance, Social Capital, Citizen Centric governance and State and District Administration) etc.
• Provide analysis of Government Policies/Initiatives/ Schemes/ Programmes etc
• Cite case studies/ Model learnings from federal framework of governance.
• Views/ opinions of experts from Newspapers like The Hindu, The Indian Express etc.

• Acquaintance with major problems of diverse vulnerable and weaker sections of society is necessary. Follow up with analysis of government Policies/Initiatives/ Acts/ Schemes for them.
• Master important data sets/statistics/ information regarding developmental indicators of vulnerable sections. Mention recommendations of constitutional/Statutory commissions for their welfare.
• Highlights recommendations from Government reports and Committees including summary suggestions from PRS Legislative Research.
• Economic Survey and India Year Book could help in garnering Data/Information about flagship initiatives in sectors like Health, Education and Demographics etc.
• Reference to suggestions of national and international initiatives like SDG in sectors of Poverty and Hunger.

• Define official status of bilateral partnerships within the framework of Major foreign policy initiatives.
• Mention mandate/ goals/ achievements of multilateral institutions.
• Address comprehensive aspects of bilateral relationships ranging from strategic to even cultural aspects.
• Key terms and Phrases of Global governance in areas like Climate Change/ global trade etc.
• Reference to suggestions made by leading Experts/ Scholars writing in newspapers like The Hindu and The Indian Express.

• Indian Economy by Nitin Singhania
• Indian Economy by Ramesh Singh
• Yojana August 2015- Inclusive Growth and Social Change.
• Budgetary process (polity part from M. Lakshmikant) , Budget speech and text.
• Economic Survey relevant chapters.
• NITI Aayog documents.

• The Hindu, The Indian Express and Business standard ( Be very selective).

• RBI website.
• Ministry of Finance, PIB updates.
• Relevant ministry websites for Infrastructure part : Ministry of Road Transport and Highway, Ministry of Railway etc

• Kurukshetra magazine , The Hindu, Indian Express, Schemes related to agriculture from official websites.
• Ministry of Agriculture, FAO and World Economic Forum websites.

• This section mostly involves major emerging technologies and their applications. This section is mainly done using various internet sources.
• NCERT 12th class biology chapters related to Biotechnology.
• Important websites and internet links are:
• ISRO Website, NASA Website, DRDO website, European space agency.
  Ministry of Science and Technology.
• Prepare a list of renowned Indian scientists and prepare this part from internet.

• NCERT 12th class Biology (Chapters 13 to 16)
• For EIA : https://www.cseindia.org/understanding-eia-383
• 2nd ARC report on Disaster Management.
• Challenges to Internal Security of India by Ashok Kumar (Read chapter on Disaster management)
• IPCC Assessment reports summary (certain sections which are linked with syllabus)
• Magazines and reports: Down to Earth, India state of forest report by Forest Survey of India, Yojana Magazine- January 2017 (for disaster management read selective articles).
• Current Affairs:
• The Hindu , The Indian Express, Ministry of Environment forest and climate change, Websites of UNFCCC, UNCBD and other conventions.

• This is one of those high yielding topics where more marks can be fetched with less efforts.

• Introduction requires the understanding of the context in which the question is asked. Mostly for questions which are “issue based” a contextual introduction is appropriate.
• The contextual introduction can be supported by relevant data, facts and reports like Economic Survey. If the question is based on key or technical terms then it is appropriate to define the “key term” in introduction. For example: If there is a question on monetization of deficit then define it.
• In the body part the underlying core demand/demands are to be fulfilled. For this the body part can be broken into sub-headings which pertain to each part or demand of the question.
• Arguments in the body part should be supported by relevant data, facts, commission reports, Economic Survey, WEF etc.
• Conclusion of an answer should give a sense of completion. The conclusion can be a summary of body part with a futuristic perspective (as per the context of question). In this part suggestions from renowned scholars, commissions or reports can be cited here.
• In this section questions are mostly based on macroeconomic trends and policies so focus more on these topics. Regular reading of newspapers like The Hindu, Indian Express will provide in depth understanding of topics.

• Here introduction can be based on statistics, reports or observations made by Food and Agriculture Organization, Economic survey, Annual Report on Agriculture (By MoAFW), etc.
• In this section questions are mostly based on issues faced by agriculture (on production, processing, marketing, distribution etc).
• In case of question on Land reforms, the introduction should provide a brief background in which land reforms were introduced.
• In body part use appropriate sub-headings, paragraphs or points to address all the parts.
• Each point should be supported by a case study, success model, official data and reports from FAO, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmer Welfare (MoAFW), NABARD etc.
• This section has the scope to include maps of different agro-ecological regions etc.
• A forward looking conclusion with mention of relevant SDGs, and terms like evergreen revolution.

• In this section most question are based on technological innovations and emerging technologies.
• Here introduction should involve simple and meaningful definition of the technology/technical term. For example Web 3.0, Cloud Computing etc.
• In the body of answer relevant points/arguments should be included. It can be written under various sub-heading.
• The body part can include, in brief, how the technology works. For example: Question on James Webb Space Telescope.
• Give reference to some initiatives taken by India.
• In the application based questions, the applications should be written under broad sub-headings like applications in agriculture, business, industry, education etc.
• Conclusion should summarize prospects and problems. Along with this the conclusion should include the ways through which maximum benefits can be harnessed.

• Brief introduction of environmental issue OR disaster on which question is asked. IPCC reports, MoEFCC reports and data can be included to set right context.
• If question pertains to some key terms then defining them is appropriate. For example: Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) can be defined in a question on EIA.
• The basic approach remains almost same as other sections of this paper, however, here reference should be given to Sendai framework, National disaster management plan and Act.
• For environmental questions arguments can be supported by observations made by various conventions such as UNFCCC, UNCBD, Vienna convention etc.
• More focus of aspirant should be on recent CoP of UNFCCC, UNCBD, Newly launched global initiatives on environment and biodiversity.

• The conclusion should be solution oriented. Question can be concluded by making reference to SDG, Panchamrit target etc.

• In this section questions can be of 3 types 1) On mandate of security forces, agencies. This type of question can be introduced by providing brief introduction of that agency or security force. 2) On emerging security issues. In this type of question write an introduction which fits well in the context in which question is asked. It can be done by referring to current affairs. 3) Questions which involve some key word. In such questions defining the key word is a good idea. For example in question on “Money Laundering” define money laundering.
• Body should include various parts (based on demand of question). Under these parts nature of security threat can be analysed.
• It is important to mention relevant initiatives, projects which are undertaken to improve security architecture.
• In this section along with data, facts and reports important case studies can also be mentioned. For example in a question on cyber security one can include case study of “Cyber Dome Project”.
• Conclusion can be summarized in two small parts. One, providing for the grave nature of security issues and the other by providing a way ahead where recommendations from Kargil Review Committee etc.